Titanium and its alloys are one of the most interesting light
alloys. With a high strength to weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance
titanium alloys are ideal in may weight driven applications such as aerospace
and automotive racing. Also, titanium alloys have a number of phases that can
be present depending on the alloying and thermal processing that the alloy undergoes.
However, if corrosion is the principal concern, the metal
that is often chosen is commercially pure titanium. Commercially pure titanium
is about as strong as a steel while having 40 percent less weight. Moreover, it
resists many chemicals including oxidizing acids (nitric acid, sulfuric acid,
and perchloric acid (hydrofluoric acid is one of the only chemicals able to
attack titanium)) while being biocompatible for use in medical implants. Commercially
pure titanium is more readily fabricated, joined, and formed when compared to
its alpha-beta and beta titanium alloy relatives. However, while it is more
corrosion resistance it is much weaker when compared to its alpha-beta and beta
titanium alloy relatives.
Below are two photomicrographs of commercially pure titanium
at 200X. The sample was taken from a commercially pure titanium fastener. The
sample was ground and polished to a sub-micron final polish and etched using
Kroll’s Reagent. The first photomicrograph was taken using brightfield imaging
while the second was taken using polarized light. Polarized light microscopy uses
a polarizing filter to cause light waves to be directed in a specific
orientation. The selection of only specific light waves in a certain
orientation generates constructive and destructive interference of light which
then acts to enhance the contrast of the sample. The first photomicrograph in
brightfield acts to show the grain boundaries better while the second photomicrograph
in polarized light shows the grain orientation better. The sample microstructure
consists of fine equiaxed alpha grains with minimal amounts of fine beta that
is stabilized by beta stabilizer impurities in the titanium.
Kroll’s Reagent:
3 mL Hydrofluoric Acid, 6 mL Nitric Acid, 91 mL Water
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